In the futurist law now named after him, the late Stanford University computer scientist Roy Amara once declared, “We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run.” 印度的公共数字基础设施——在许多方面,一个巨大的网络机构——是个例外这一原则。努力是怪圈在短期内,但是,不到十年后,基层动员技术,利用中国巨大的国内潜力。印度现在是准备,与发展中国家分享经验。 未来主义法律现在以他的名字命名,斯坦福大学的计算机科学家罗伊·阿马拉曾宣称,“我们倾向于高估技术在短期内的影响,低估了长期影响。”
India’s public digital infrastructure<\/a> — in many ways, an immense online bureaucracy — is an outlier to this principle. The effort was written-off in the short run, but, less than a decade after it was introduced, it has mobilized technology at the grass-roots, tapping into the country’s huge domestic potential. India is now ready to share its experience with the developing world.
The system — built on a unique 12-digit identification code for each Indian resident — has significantly improved financial inclusion, access to public documents and services, tax compliance, retail payments and the management of government subsidies. The key has been the Aadhaar<\/a> card – the national identity document. Aadhaar was launched in 2009 by the government of then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. To run the program, he roped in Nandan Nilekani<\/a>, a veteran of Infosys, the country’s homegrown technology giant. It was an ambitious attempt to reach and electronically organize the more than 1.3-billion people living in India’s sprawling, varied and sometimes inaccessible territory.
While questions were raised about privacy issues, Aadhaar was cleared by the Indian Supreme Court for opt-in use in September 2018; a larger bench of judges affirmed the decision in January 2021. Today, most of India has chosen to join the biometric data system: there are 1.26 billion people officially registered in Aadhaar.
While it began with the Manmohan Singh government, Aadhaar became the backbone of the India’s public digital infrastructure in 2014 when Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/a> combined it with his government’s Jan Dhan initiative, a financial inclusion program for India’s huge number of unbanked households. These new accounts were linked to both mobile numbers and Aadhaar, creating the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile, or JAM. Today more than 80% of all Indians have a bank account, up from half that level when the program started.
The digital network is now the lynchpin for most of India’s social security and cash transfer programs — which had been notorious for corruption and unreliability. Today, the government uses JAM’s direct benefit transfers for 317 programs. It made 2.6 billion transactions in the current financial year, getting more than $46 billion to beneficiaries. The cumulative value of the transfers since the first programs started in 2013 stands at more than $195 billion.
The four big successes of India’s public digital infrastructure have been Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Bharat QR, Bharat Bill Pay System (BBPS) and the RuPay card — which work with all or parts of the digital network’s threefold components of banking, secure identity and mobility.
UPI allows peer-to-peer and consumer-to-merchant transactions through mobile apps and e-commerce platforms, with JAM providing identification for money transfers. It registers 2-billion transactions a month and, in just about four years, is now in use from the largest departmental stores to roadside trinket shops.
Bharat QR allows consumers to scan the graphic codes to transfer money without sharing phone numbers. This system performs 250 million transactions a month.
Going live in 2018, BBPS allows Indian consumers to pay bills for practically everything online and via UPI apps — utilities, school fees, insurance premiums and loans.
Launched in 2012, RuPay cards were meant to rival Visa and Mastercard. Already, more than 600-million cards have been issued, chiefly on Jan Dhan accounts. RuPay has a 30% market share in point of sale transactions and 25% in online transactions. India is working with nine countries to ensure RuPay cards are integrated with local payment systems — including, Australia, Bahrain, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and South Korea.
Indeed, other countries with the same logistical challenges and demographic needs as India may be tempted to adopt much of the digital network. In 2018, Bill Gates<\/a>, technology stalwart, backed Aadhaar and praised Modi for fully embracing the scheme. In its March 2019 report “Digital India<\/a>,” McKinsey Global Institute observed that “the public sector has been one strong catalyst for India’s rapid digitization. The government’s efforts to ramp up Aadhaar has played a major role.” Exporting India’s public digital infrastructure would increase the country’s influence on a massive scale even as it improves quality of life of millions globally.
In fact, the digital infrastructure has only grown and adapted with the Covid-19 crisis. Two apps, the JAM-linked vaccination monitor CoWin and the contact tracer Aarogya Setu, were integral to India’s battle against the coronavirus. The Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network is a smartphone-based supply chain platform developed connecting 27,000 vaccine storage centers supported by 50,000 cold chain handlers. It deals primarily with maternal care and infant inoculation; each year it has to manage the needs of 27 million newborns.
Bridging the digital divide is the best way to overcome socio-economic differences. India can lead from the front.
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印度使用数字银行和生物识别技术来组织其13亿人口
印度的公共数字基础设施——在许多方面,一个巨大的在线官僚机构——是个例外这一原则。努力是怪圈在短期内,但是,不到十年后,基层动员技术,利用中国巨大的国内潜力。印度现在是准备,与发展中国家分享经验。
虽然有人对隐私问题提出质疑,Aadhaar被印度最高法院选择使用了2018年9月;更大的长椅上法官确认决定2021年1月。今天,大多数印度选择了加入生物数据系统:有12.6亿人在Aadhaar正式注册。
虽然与曼莫汉•辛格(Manmohan Singh)政府开始,Aadhaar成为印度的公共的骨干数字基础设施在2014年总理莫迪结合政府1月Dhan倡议,金融包容的程序为印度的大量的既无家庭。这些新帐户与手机号码和Aadhaar创建Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile或果酱。今天超过80%的印度人有银行账户,当程序开始从一半的水平。
数字网络现在是关键对于大多数印度的社会保障和现金转移支付计划——这已经臭名昭著的腐败和不可靠性。今天,317年政府使用果酱的直接收益转移计划。它让26亿个事务在当前财政年度,获得超过460亿美元的受益者。的累计价值转移自2013年第一个项目开始站在超过1950亿美元。
印度四大成功的公共数字基础设施统一支付接口(UPI),巴拉特QR,巴拉特电子帐单支付系统(bbp)和RuPay卡——这与数字网络的三倍的全部或部分组件的银行、安全身份和流动性。
UPI允许对等和consumer-to-merchant通过移动应用和电子商务交易平台,果酱为转账提供识别。它一个月注册20亿个事务,在四年,现在在使用部门商店最大的路边小装饰品商店。
巴拉特QR允许消费者扫描图形编码转账没有共享的电话号码。这个系统执行一个月2.5亿个事务。
生活在2018年,bbp允许印度消费者支付账单为几乎所有在线和通过UPI应用——公用事业、学费、保险费和贷款。
在2012年推出,RuPay卡片是为了竞争对手Visa和万事达。已经超过6亿卡已经发行,主要是1月Dhan账户。RuPay占有30%的市场份额在销售点交易和在线交易的25%。印度正在与9个国家,以确保RuPay卡集成与当地支付系统——包括澳大利亚、巴林、不丹、马尔代夫、缅甸、沙特阿拉伯、新加坡和韩国。
事实上,其他国家相同的后勤挑战和人口需要像印度可能会采用的数字网络。在2018年,比尔盖茨、技术坚定支持Aadhaar和称赞莫迪完全支持方案。在2019年3月报告”数字印度麦肯锡全球研究所指出,“公共部门一直是印度的快速数字化强有力的催化剂。政府努力提高Aadhaar发挥了重要作用。“出口印度的公共数字基础设施将增加该国大规模影响即使它提高了全球数百万人的生活质量。
事实上,数字基础设施只有发展和适应Covid-19危机。两个应用程序,JAM-linked接种监测CoWin和接触示踪Aarogya是以,积分印度对抗冠状病毒。电子情报网络是一种分享服务供应链平台开发疫苗连接27000个疫苗储存中心在50000年支持冷链处理程序。它主要处理孕产妇保健和婴儿接种;每年它要管理2700万名新生儿的需要。
弥合数字鸿沟是最好的方法来克服社会经济差异。印度可以引导。
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In the futurist law now named after him, the late Stanford University computer scientist Roy Amara once declared, “We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run.”
India’s public digital infrastructure<\/a> — in many ways, an immense online bureaucracy — is an outlier to this principle. The effort was written-off in the short run, but, less than a decade after it was introduced, it has mobilized technology at the grass-roots, tapping into the country’s huge domestic potential. India is now ready to share its experience with the developing world.
The system — built on a unique 12-digit identification code for each Indian resident — has significantly improved financial inclusion, access to public documents and services, tax compliance, retail payments and the management of government subsidies. The key has been the Aadhaar<\/a> card – the national identity document. Aadhaar was launched in 2009 by the government of then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. To run the program, he roped in Nandan Nilekani<\/a>, a veteran of Infosys, the country’s homegrown technology giant. It was an ambitious attempt to reach and electronically organize the more than 1.3-billion people living in India’s sprawling, varied and sometimes inaccessible territory.
While questions were raised about privacy issues, Aadhaar was cleared by the Indian Supreme Court for opt-in use in September 2018; a larger bench of judges affirmed the decision in January 2021. Today, most of India has chosen to join the biometric data system: there are 1.26 billion people officially registered in Aadhaar.
While it began with the Manmohan Singh government, Aadhaar became the backbone of the India’s public digital infrastructure in 2014 when Prime Minister Narendra Modi<\/a> combined it with his government’s Jan Dhan initiative, a financial inclusion program for India’s huge number of unbanked households. These new accounts were linked to both mobile numbers and Aadhaar, creating the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile, or JAM. Today more than 80% of all Indians have a bank account, up from half that level when the program started.
The digital network is now the lynchpin for most of India’s social security and cash transfer programs — which had been notorious for corruption and unreliability. Today, the government uses JAM’s direct benefit transfers for 317 programs. It made 2.6 billion transactions in the current financial year, getting more than $46 billion to beneficiaries. The cumulative value of the transfers since the first programs started in 2013 stands at more than $195 billion.
The four big successes of India’s public digital infrastructure have been Unified Payments Interface (UPI), Bharat QR, Bharat Bill Pay System (BBPS) and the RuPay card — which work with all or parts of the digital network’s threefold components of banking, secure identity and mobility.
UPI allows peer-to-peer and consumer-to-merchant transactions through mobile apps and e-commerce platforms, with JAM providing identification for money transfers. It registers 2-billion transactions a month and, in just about four years, is now in use from the largest departmental stores to roadside trinket shops.
Bharat QR allows consumers to scan the graphic codes to transfer money without sharing phone numbers. This system performs 250 million transactions a month.
Going live in 2018, BBPS allows Indian consumers to pay bills for practically everything online and via UPI apps — utilities, school fees, insurance premiums and loans.
Launched in 2012, RuPay cards were meant to rival Visa and Mastercard. Already, more than 600-million cards have been issued, chiefly on Jan Dhan accounts. RuPay has a 30% market share in point of sale transactions and 25% in online transactions. India is working with nine countries to ensure RuPay cards are integrated with local payment systems — including, Australia, Bahrain, Bhutan, Maldives, Myanmar, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and South Korea.
Indeed, other countries with the same logistical challenges and demographic needs as India may be tempted to adopt much of the digital network. In 2018, Bill Gates<\/a>, technology stalwart, backed Aadhaar and praised Modi for fully embracing the scheme. In its March 2019 report “Digital India<\/a>,” McKinsey Global Institute observed that “the public sector has been one strong catalyst for India’s rapid digitization. The government’s efforts to ramp up Aadhaar has played a major role.” Exporting India’s public digital infrastructure would increase the country’s influence on a massive scale even as it improves quality of life of millions globally.
In fact, the digital infrastructure has only grown and adapted with the Covid-19 crisis. Two apps, the JAM-linked vaccination monitor CoWin and the contact tracer Aarogya Setu, were integral to India’s battle against the coronavirus. The Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network is a smartphone-based supply chain platform developed connecting 27,000 vaccine storage centers supported by 50,000 cold chain handlers. It deals primarily with maternal care and infant inoculation; each year it has to manage the needs of 27 million newborns.
Bridging the digital divide is the best way to overcome socio-economic differences. India can lead from the front.
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