独家
来自台湾的工程师支撑了中国的芯片产业。现在他们要走了。
台湾政府已开始阻止当地工程师前往中国大陆，担心他们会带走专有信息。
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沃达丰Idea 20%的销售团队员工辞职
因此，沃达丰Idea目前正在寻找替代人选。该电信公司在其领英公司页面上列出了1905个职位空缺，如AGM -预付费营销专员，AGM -预付费营销，AGM -营销分析等。
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文/ Jane Perlez, Amy Chang Chien, John Liu
台北:台湾例如一个中国人提供的工作机会半导体公司正在上诉。更高的薪水。出差探索新技术。
尽管对李书福来说，这份工作的声望不如他在台湾一家全球领先芯片制造商的工作。李急切地搬到了东北中国2018年，随着中国政府积极发展半导体产业，他们加入了企业移民浪潮。
两年后，他回到了台湾新型冠状病毒肺炎席卷中国，全球紧张局势加剧。其他高技能的台湾工程师也在回国。
对许多人来说，严格的大流行措施令人厌烦。地缘政治让这项工作变得更加棘手，中国大陆越来越多地公开宣称对自治民主国家台湾拥有主权。台湾政府已开始阻止当地工程师前往中国大陆，担心他们会带走专有信息。
“一些去中国工作的人是坏人，他们用秘密换取金钱，”40岁的李说。“有些人想从台湾的工作压力中解脱出来。还有一些人非常想探索新的领域。”
曾吸引台湾工程人才来到中国大陆、为落后的中国半导体企业提供一条与全球对手竞争的管道的前景，正在迅速消失。
在美国和中国激烈的地缘政治竞争中，半导体现在是至关重要的战略资产。在华盛顿试图削弱中国制造先进芯片的能力之际，全球最大的高端半导体生产国台湾发现自己正处于一些人所说的21世纪版军备竞赛的中心。
台湾半导体制造公司总部位于台湾新竹。
台湾自身也面临着华盛顿越来越多的不安。美国商务部长雷蒙多(Gina Raimondo)等人曾表示，尽管美国继续在军事上支持台湾，但在尖端武器所需的芯片方面，美国需要减少对台湾这个民主岛国的依赖。
拜登政府上个月针对中国大陆芯片产业实施的全面禁令，使台湾主要芯片制造商台积电(Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co.)处于全球供应链可能中断的前沿。拜登政府加大了压力台积电在亚利桑那州建立一家工厂，以帮助美国的芯片来源多样化。
北京猛烈抨击了这些新规定，称它们“不仅会损害中国企业的合法权益，也会损害美国企业的利益。”中国政府正在半导体等关键领域推行自力更生的战略，预计将以可能惩罚台积电的方式进行报复。
例如，中国政府可能会禁止在中国建造数据中心的美国公司使用台积电制造的高端芯片，前台湾立法委员、现供职于哈佛大学肯尼迪学院(Harvard Kennedy School)的许家印(Jason Hsu)说。
台积电说，到目前为止，新规定的效果有限。政府给予该公司一年的豁免，允许其继续扩大在中国南京市的设施。台积电在上海也有一家工厂。
但华盛顿禁止拥有美国公民身份或绿卡的中国大陆和台湾工程师在中国的芯片制造工厂工作。许说，这项禁令将迫使大约200名大陆和台湾工程师离开大陆或放弃美国国籍。
“这对在中国半导体行业工作的每一个台湾人都产生了寒蝉效应。每个人都很紧张。”“如果美国政府情报机构认为你侵犯了美国安全，想要逮捕你怎么办?”
多年来，中国大陆一直在挖走台湾的半导体工程师，这些工程师通常拥有博士学位，是维持全球最先进芯片制造工厂运转的关键。
在台湾新竹的台积电创新博物馆展出的半导体晶圆。
根据独立组织台湾经济研究所(Taiwan Institute of Economic Research)的数据，2019年，约有3000名台湾半导体工程师在中国大陆工作，占该行业4万名核心工程师的近10%。
一些高管也加入了中国竞争对手的公司，包括中国最负盛名的中芯半导体(Semiconductor Manufacturing)国际公司,或中芯国际该公司总部位于上海。中国国有实体是该公司的主要股东之一，五角大楼对中芯国际与中国军方有联系表示担忧。中芯国际没有回应记者的置评请求。
台积电前高管梁孟松是一名备受赞誉的工程师，曾担任该公司的研发总监，他于2017年加入中芯国际，担任联席首席执行官。去年，中国官方媒体报道说，梁启超带领一个工程师团队开发了中芯国际的7纳米芯片技术，这是一种比该公司以前生产的芯片更先进的芯片，也是拜登政府宣布新规定的部分原因。
台积电另一位前高管蒋尚义曾希望在这家上海公司研究一种生产微芯片的新方法。今年在加州计算机历史博物馆(Computer History Museum)的一次采访中，他说去中国是他做过的“愚蠢的事情之一”。蒋去年离开了中芯国际。
台湾经济学家、高盛(Goldman Sachs)前科技行业合伙人林雪莲(Syaru Shirley Lin)说，对台湾工程师来说，在中国大陆公司工作一直很冒险。“人们会说，‘你去过那里吗?’”她说。“很快，它就会像在苏联冷战．”
31岁的Evonne Wang在中国找工作，希望拓展自己在台积电之外的经验。
几家猎头公司为她提供了机会，但她最终选择了一家总部设在中国的美国公司。她想，如果她去了一家中国公司，回国后她的声誉可能会受损。
“一些台湾半导体公司对以前在大陆工作的经历感到不安，”王说，他也在新冠疫情暴发时回到了台湾。
Evonne Wang是一名台湾工程师，曾在爱达荷州博伊西的一家美国公司在中国工作。
随着大陆在产业上的进步，台湾已经开始采取措施阻止人才流失，保护一个核心的经济驱动力。台湾经济去年增长超过6%，部分原因是全球半导体需求激增。
30岁的台湾工程师张琴(Gin Chang)在中国南方工作了一年，工资翻了一番。他说，他理解台湾对年轻工程师对中国经济增长的贡献越来越感到不安。
“我不认为我们在中国工作应该受到限制，”Chang说。“但从台湾政府的角度来看，如果中国大陆经济因其不断增长的半导体产业而增长，那么台湾的经济形势可能会受到威胁。”
根据2021年初出台的规定，台湾的猎头公司不得发布大陆微芯片行业的招聘广告。司法部成立了一个特别工作组，下令突击检查在台湾经营的中国公司。这些中国公司被怀疑是为了在中国招聘当地工程师而设立的幌子;政府在9月份称，自去年以来，已经有40多起挖角和窃取机密的案件被起诉。
一位名叫Michael Lo的猎头表示，很多挖角都涉及中国大陆企业试图获取台湾专业知识，将这些知识应用于自己的工厂，然后抛弃这些工人。
“中国的企业文化只有三个字:‘生与杀’，”罗说。“它首先会培养你，在你身上花费大量金钱和资源，然后窃取你的技术，最后解雇你，”他说。
这位回国的工程师一直在台湾半导体行业工作。在加入台积电位于新竹科学园(新竹科学园有时被称为台湾的硅谷)的总部之前，他曾在一些小公司干过四份工作。新竹科学园距离台湾首都台北有30分钟的高铁车程。
台积电是台湾的骄傲。在郁郁葱葱的枝叶丛中，参观其主楼的游客会看到一个醒目的招牌，上面写着该公司创始人张忠茂的名字。91岁的张忠谋是台湾的亿万富翁之一，在中国大陆长大，曾就读于哈佛大学(Harvard)和麻省理工学院(MIT)，在1987年创办台积电之前曾在德州仪器(Texas Instruments)工作。
他说，刚到台积电时，他觉得自己很幸运，但在晶圆代工厂内部却很艰难。
他说:“在台积电工作时，我感觉自己最像个小螺丝钉。”“去中国就像期待一个没有过时框架限制的地方。你可以去那里冒险一下。”
目前，李勇鸿仍留在台湾，为一家在台湾运营的美国芯片公司工作，支持蓬勃发展的爱国情绪和个人自由的精神。
“在台湾工作的好处是，你不必担心官员会因为一个想法而关闭整个公司，”他说。“大气非常重要。至少我可以看各种批评台湾海峡两岸政府的节目，而不用担心被逮捕。”
台北:台湾例如一个中国人提供的工作机会半导体公司正在上诉。更高的薪水。出差探索新技术。
尽管对李书福来说，这份工作的声望不如他在台湾一家全球领先芯片制造商的工作。李急切地搬到了东北中国2018年，随着中国政府积极发展半导体产业，他们加入了企业移民浪潮。
对许多人来说，严格的大流行措施令人厌烦。地缘政治让这项工作变得更加棘手，中国大陆越来越多地公开宣称对自治民主国家台湾拥有主权。台湾政府已开始阻止当地工程师前往中国大陆，担心他们会带走专有信息。
“一些去中国工作的人是坏人，他们用秘密换取金钱，”40岁的李说。“有些人想从台湾的工作压力中解脱出来。还有一些人非常想探索新的领域。”
曾吸引台湾工程人才来到中国大陆、为落后的中国半导体企业提供一条与全球对手竞争的管道的前景，正在迅速消失。
在美国和中国激烈的地缘政治竞争中，半导体现在是至关重要的战略资产。在华盛顿试图削弱中国制造先进芯片的能力之际，全球最大的高端半导体生产国台湾发现自己正处于一些人所说的21世纪版军备竞赛的中心。
北京猛烈抨击了这些新规定，称它们“不仅会损害中国企业的合法权益，也会损害美国企业的利益。”中国政府正在半导体等关键领域推行自力更生的战略，预计将以可能惩罚台积电的方式进行报复。
例如，中国政府可能会禁止在中国建造数据中心的美国公司使用台积电制造的高端芯片，前台湾立法委员、现供职于哈佛大学肯尼迪学院(Harvard Kennedy School)的许家印(Jason Hsu)说。
台积电说，到目前为止，新规定的效果有限。政府给予该公司一年的豁免，允许其继续扩大在中国南京市的设施。台积电在上海也有一家工厂。
但华盛顿禁止拥有美国公民身份或绿卡的中国大陆和台湾工程师在中国的芯片制造工厂工作。许说，这项禁令将迫使大约200名大陆和台湾工程师离开大陆或放弃美国国籍。
“这对在中国半导体行业工作的每一个台湾人都产生了寒蝉效应。每个人都很紧张。”“如果美国政府情报机构认为你侵犯了美国安全，想要逮捕你怎么办?”
多年来，中国大陆一直在挖走台湾的半导体工程师，这些工程师通常拥有博士学位，是维持全球最先进芯片制造工厂运转的关键。
一些高管也加入了中国竞争对手的公司，包括中国最负盛名的中芯半导体(Semiconductor Manufacturing)国际公司,或中芯国际该公司总部位于上海。中国国有实体是该公司的主要股东之一，五角大楼对中芯国际与中国军方有联系表示担忧。中芯国际没有回应记者的置评请求。
台积电前高管梁孟松是一名备受赞誉的工程师，曾担任该公司的研发总监，他于2017年加入中芯国际，担任联席首席执行官。去年，中国官方媒体报道说，梁启超带领一个工程师团队开发了中芯国际的7纳米芯片技术，这是一种比该公司以前生产的芯片更先进的芯片，也是拜登政府宣布新规定的部分原因。
台积电另一位前高管蒋尚义曾希望在这家上海公司研究一种生产微芯片的新方法。今年在加州计算机历史博物馆(Computer History Museum)的一次采访中，他说去中国是他做过的“愚蠢的事情之一”。蒋去年离开了中芯国际。
台湾经济学家、高盛(Goldman Sachs)前科技行业合伙人林雪莲(Syaru Shirley Lin)说，对台湾工程师来说，在中国大陆公司工作一直很冒险。“人们会说，‘你去过那里吗?’”她说。“很快，它就会像在苏联冷战．”
31岁的Evonne Wang在中国找工作，希望拓展自己在台积电之外的经验。
几家猎头公司为她提供了机会，但她最终选择了一家总部设在中国的美国公司。她想，如果她去了一家中国公司，回国后她的声誉可能会受损。
“一些台湾半导体公司对以前在大陆工作的经历感到不安，”王说，他也在新冠疫情暴发时回到了台湾。
30岁的台湾工程师张琴(Gin Chang)在中国南方工作了一年，工资翻了一番。他说，他理解台湾对年轻工程师对中国经济增长的贡献越来越感到不安。
“我不认为我们在中国工作应该受到限制，”Chang说。“但从台湾政府的角度来看，如果中国大陆经济因其不断增长的半导体产业而增长，那么台湾的经济形势可能会受到威胁。”
根据2021年初出台的规定，台湾的猎头公司不得发布大陆微芯片行业的招聘广告。司法部成立了一个特别工作组，下令突击检查在台湾经营的中国公司。这些中国公司被怀疑是为了在中国招聘当地工程师而设立的幌子;政府在9月份称，自去年以来，已经有40多起挖角和窃取机密的案件被起诉。
一位名叫Michael Lo的猎头表示，很多挖角都涉及中国大陆企业试图获取台湾专业知识，将这些知识应用于自己的工厂，然后抛弃这些工人。
“中国的企业文化只有三个字:‘生与杀’，”罗说。“它首先会培养你，在你身上花费大量金钱和资源，然后窃取你的技术，最后解雇你，”他说。
这位回国的工程师一直在台湾半导体行业工作。在加入台积电位于新竹科学园(新竹科学园有时被称为台湾的硅谷)的总部之前，他曾在一些小公司干过四份工作。新竹科学园距离台湾首都台北有30分钟的高铁车程。
台积电是台湾的骄傲。在郁郁葱葱的枝叶丛中，参观其主楼的游客会看到一个醒目的招牌，上面写着该公司创始人张忠茂的名字。91岁的张忠谋是台湾的亿万富翁之一，在中国大陆长大，曾就读于哈佛大学(Harvard)和麻省理工学院(MIT)，在1987年创办台积电之前曾在德州仪器(Texas Instruments)工作。
他说，刚到台积电时，他觉得自己很幸运，但在晶圆代工厂内部却很艰难。
他说:“在台积电工作时，我感觉自己最像个小螺丝钉。”“去中国就像期待一个没有过时框架限制的地方。你可以去那里冒险一下。”
目前，李勇鸿仍留在台湾，为一家在台湾运营的美国芯片公司工作，支持蓬勃发展的爱国情绪和个人自由的精神。
“在台湾工作的好处是，你不必担心官员会因为一个想法而关闭整个公司，”他说。“大气非常重要。至少我可以看各种批评台湾海峡两岸政府的节目，而不用担心被逮捕。”
By Jane Perlez, Amy Chang Chien and John Liu<\/strong>
TAIPEI: Taiwan<\/a>: The job offer from a Chinese semiconductor<\/a> company was appealing. A higher salary. Work trips to explore new technologies.
No matter that it would be less prestigious for Kevin Li than his job in Taiwan at one of the world\u2019s leading chipmakers. Li eagerly moved to northeast China<\/a> in 2018, taking part in a wave of corporate migration as the Chinese government moved aggressively to build up its semiconductor industry.
TAIPEI: Taiwan<\/a>: The job offer from a Chinese semiconductor<\/a> company was appealing. A higher salary. Work trips to explore new technologies.
No matter that it would be less prestigious for Kevin Li than his job in Taiwan at one of the world\u2019s leading chipmakers. Li eagerly moved to northeast China<\/a> in 2018, taking part in a wave of corporate migration as the Chinese government moved aggressively to build up its semiconductor industry.
<\/div><\/div>He went back to Taiwan after two years, as COVID-19<\/a> swept through China and global tensions intensified. Other highly skilled Taiwanese engineers are going home, too.
For many, the strict pandemic measures have been tiresome. Geopolitics has made the job even more fraught, with China increasingly vocal about staking its claim on Taiwan, a self-ruled democracy. The Taiwanese government has begun to discourage local engineers from going to China, concerned that they were taking proprietary information with them.
\u201cSome who went to work in China were villains who exchanged secrets for money,\u201d said Li, 40. \u201cSome wanted to be free from the work pressures in Taiwan. And there were those who seriously wanted to explore new areas.\u201d
The prospects that enticed Taiwanese engineering talent to China, feeding a pipeline for lagging Chinese semiconductor companies hoping to compete with global rivals, are rapidly diminishing.
Semiconductors are now vital strategic assets in the pitched geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China. As Washington tries to crimp China\u2019s capacity to make advanced chips, Taiwan, the world\u2019s biggest producer of high-end semiconductors, finds itself at the center of what some are calling the 21st century\u2019s version of the arms race. While President Joe Biden and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, adopted a warmer tone at their first face-to-face presidential meeting last week, it was clear that Taiwan remained a serious point of contention between the two countries.
![\"](\"https:\/\/st.etb2bimg.com\/Themes\/Release\/images\/responsive\/ettelecom-default.jpg\")
The headquarters of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company in Hsinchu, Taiwan.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>Taiwan itself faces increasing unease in Washington. Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo and others have said that, even though the United States continues to support Taiwan militarily, it needs to be less dependent on the island democracy for the chips needed in sophisticated weapons.
For many, the strict pandemic measures have been tiresome. Geopolitics has made the job even more fraught, with China increasingly vocal about staking its claim on Taiwan, a self-ruled democracy. The Taiwanese government has begun to discourage local engineers from going to China, concerned that they were taking proprietary information with them.
\u201cSome who went to work in China were villains who exchanged secrets for money,\u201d said Li, 40. \u201cSome wanted to be free from the work pressures in Taiwan. And there were those who seriously wanted to explore new areas.\u201d
The prospects that enticed Taiwanese engineering talent to China, feeding a pipeline for lagging Chinese semiconductor companies hoping to compete with global rivals, are rapidly diminishing.
Semiconductors are now vital strategic assets in the pitched geopolitical rivalry between the United States and China. As Washington tries to crimp China\u2019s capacity to make advanced chips, Taiwan, the world\u2019s biggest producer of high-end semiconductors, finds itself at the center of what some are calling the 21st century\u2019s version of the arms race. While President Joe Biden and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, adopted a warmer tone at their first face-to-face presidential meeting last week, it was clear that Taiwan remained a serious point of contention between the two countries.
<\/div><\/div>Sweeping bans imposed by the Biden administration last month targeting China\u2019s chip industry have put the island\u2019s premier chipmaker, Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., on the front line of likely disruptions to the global supply chain. Adding to the pressure, the Biden administration has pressed TSMC<\/a> into building a plant in Arizona to help diversify the United States\u2019 sources of chips.
Beijing has blasted the new rules, saying they \u201cwill not only harm Chinese companies\u2019 legitimate rights and interests but also hurt the interests of U.S. companies.\u201d And the Chinese government, which is pushing its own strategy of self-reliance in key areas like semiconductors, is expected to retaliate in ways that could punish TSMC.
The Chinese government, for example, could bar the American companies that build data centers in China from using high-end chips manufactured by TSMC, said Jason Hsu, a former Taiwanese legislator who is now at the Harvard Kennedy School.
So far, TSMC said, the effect of the new rules has been limited. The administration granted a one-year waiver to the company, allowing it to continue expanding its facility in the Chinese city of Nanjing. TSMC also has a plant in Shanghai.
But Washington has barred Chinese and Taiwanese engineers with U.S. citizenship or a green card from working in China\u2019s chipmaking facilities. The ban will force about 200 Chinese and Taiwanese engineers to either leave China or give up their U.S. citizenship, Hsu said.
\u201cThis has such a chilling effect on every Taiwanese national working in the semiconductor industry in China. Everyone is on edge,\u201d Hsu said. \u201cWhat if a U.S. government intelligence agency thinks you are violating U.S. security and wants to arrest you?\u201d
For years, China poached Taiwan\u2019s semiconductor engineers, who often have doctorates and are essential to keeping the world\u2019s most advanced chipmaking factories humming.
A semiconductor wafer displayed at the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Museum of Innovation in Hsinchu, Taiwan.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>In 2019, about 3,000 Taiwanese semiconductor engineers were working in China, nearly 10% percent of the 40,000 engineers at the heart of the industry\u2019s workforce, according to the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research, an independent group.
A handful of senior executives also joined rival Chinese firms, including the country\u2019s most prestigious, Semiconductor Manufacturing International<\/a> Corp., or SMIC<\/a>, which is based in Shanghai. Chinese state entities are among the company\u2019s major shareholders, and the Pentagon has expressed concerns that SMIC has ties to the Chinese military. SMIC did not respond to requests for comment.
One former TSMC executive, Liang Mong-song, a prized engineer who had been the company\u2019s director of research and development, joined SMIC as co-chief executive in 2017. Last year, China\u2019s state-run media reported that Liang led a team of engineers who developed SMIC\u2019s 7-nanometer chip technology, a more advanced chip than the company had previously made and a sudden breakthrough that partly drove the Biden administration to announce its new rules.
Another former TSMC senior executive, Chiang Shang-yi, had hoped to work on a new method of producing microchips at the Shanghai company. In an interview this year with the Computer History Museum in California, he said going to China was \u201cone of the foolish things\u201d that he had done. Chiang left SMIC last year.
Taking a job at a Chinese company has always been dicey for Taiwanese engineers, said Syaru Shirley Lin, a Taiwanese economist and a former partner at Goldman Sachs specializing in the tech industry. \u201cPeople would say, \u2018Did you go there?\u2019\u201d she said. \u201cSoon, it will be like going to the Soviet Union during the Cold War<\/a>.\u201d
Evonne Wang, 31, looked for a job in China to broaden her experience beyond TSMC.
Several headhunting firms offered her opportunities, but she settled on an American company based in China. She figured that if she went to a Chinese company her reputation might be tarnished when she returned home.
\u201cSome Taiwanese semiconductor companies have qualms about previous experiences of working in China,\u201d said Wang, who also returned to Taiwan as COVID took hold.
Evonne Wang, a Taiwanese engineer who worked for an American company in China, in Boise, Idaho.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>With China making industry advances, Taiwan has begun to take measures to stop the brain drain and protect a core economic driver. The island\u2019s economy grew more than 6% last year, in part from the surge in global demand for semiconductors.
Gin Chang, 30, a Taiwanese engineer who worked in southern China for a year and doubled his salary, said he understood the growing unease in Taiwan about its young engineers\u2019 contributing to China\u2019s growth.
\u201cI don\u2019t think there should be restrictions on us working in China,\u201d Chang said. \u201cBut from the perspective of the government in Taiwan, if the Chinese economy grows because of its growing semiconductor industry, then Taiwan\u2019s economic situation could be endangered.\u201d
Under regulations introduced in early 2021, headhunters in Taiwan are barred from advertising jobs in China\u2019s microchip industry. The Ministry of Justice established a task force that ordered raids on Chinese firms operating in Taiwan. The Chinese companies were suspected of being fronts created to recruit local engineers for jobs in China; more than 40 cases of poaching workers and stealing secrets have been prosecuted since last year, the government said in September.
Much of the poaching involved Chinese companies trying to capture Taiwanese expertise, applying that knowledge in their plants and then ditching the workers, said one headhunter, Michael Lo.
\u201cChina\u2019s corporate culture is just three words: \u2018Raise and kill,\u2019\u201d Lo said. \u201cIt will first cultivate you and spend lots of money and resources on you, then steal your technologies and, finally, fire you,\u201d he said.
Li, the engineer who went back home, had worked his way up the Taiwanese semiconductor industry. He had four jobs at smaller companies before joining TSMC at its headquarters in Hsinchu Science Park, a campus sometimes known as Taiwan\u2019s Silicon Valley, 30 minutes by high-speed train from Taipei, the capital.
TSMC is the pride of Taiwan. Visitors to its main building, set in lush foliage, are greeted by a striking sign with the name of the company\u2019s founder, Morris Chang. One of Taiwan\u2019s multibillionaires, Chang, 91, grew up in China, attended Harvard and MIT and worked at Texas Instruments before starting TSMC in 1987.
When Li arrived at TSMC, he felt lucky but found it a slog inside the foundry, he said.
\u201cI had the feeling of being a small screw most when working in TSMC,\u201d Li said. \u201cGoing to China was like looking forward to a place without the constraints of an outdated framework. You can take the plunge by going there.\u201d
For now, Li is staying in Taiwan, working for an American chip company operating there and siding with the invigorated patriotic sentiment and the ethos of individual liberty.
\u201cThe advantage of working in Taiwan is that you don\u2019t have to worry about officials shutting down the whole company because of one thought,\u201d he said. \u201cThe atmosphere is very important. At least I can watch all kinds of programs criticizing the governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait without worrying about being arrested.\u201d
<\/div><\/div>
Beijing has blasted the new rules, saying they \u201cwill not only harm Chinese companies\u2019 legitimate rights and interests but also hurt the interests of U.S. companies.\u201d And the Chinese government, which is pushing its own strategy of self-reliance in key areas like semiconductors, is expected to retaliate in ways that could punish TSMC.
The Chinese government, for example, could bar the American companies that build data centers in China from using high-end chips manufactured by TSMC, said Jason Hsu, a former Taiwanese legislator who is now at the Harvard Kennedy School.
So far, TSMC said, the effect of the new rules has been limited. The administration granted a one-year waiver to the company, allowing it to continue expanding its facility in the Chinese city of Nanjing. TSMC also has a plant in Shanghai.
But Washington has barred Chinese and Taiwanese engineers with U.S. citizenship or a green card from working in China\u2019s chipmaking facilities. The ban will force about 200 Chinese and Taiwanese engineers to either leave China or give up their U.S. citizenship, Hsu said.
\u201cThis has such a chilling effect on every Taiwanese national working in the semiconductor industry in China. Everyone is on edge,\u201d Hsu said. \u201cWhat if a U.S. government intelligence agency thinks you are violating U.S. security and wants to arrest you?\u201d
For years, China poached Taiwan\u2019s semiconductor engineers, who often have doctorates and are essential to keeping the world\u2019s most advanced chipmaking factories humming.
A handful of senior executives also joined rival Chinese firms, including the country\u2019s most prestigious, Semiconductor Manufacturing International<\/a> Corp., or SMIC<\/a>, which is based in Shanghai. Chinese state entities are among the company\u2019s major shareholders, and the Pentagon has expressed concerns that SMIC has ties to the Chinese military. SMIC did not respond to requests for comment.
One former TSMC executive, Liang Mong-song, a prized engineer who had been the company\u2019s director of research and development, joined SMIC as co-chief executive in 2017. Last year, China\u2019s state-run media reported that Liang led a team of engineers who developed SMIC\u2019s 7-nanometer chip technology, a more advanced chip than the company had previously made and a sudden breakthrough that partly drove the Biden administration to announce its new rules.
Another former TSMC senior executive, Chiang Shang-yi, had hoped to work on a new method of producing microchips at the Shanghai company. In an interview this year with the Computer History Museum in California, he said going to China was \u201cone of the foolish things\u201d that he had done. Chiang left SMIC last year.
Taking a job at a Chinese company has always been dicey for Taiwanese engineers, said Syaru Shirley Lin, a Taiwanese economist and a former partner at Goldman Sachs specializing in the tech industry. \u201cPeople would say, \u2018Did you go there?\u2019\u201d she said. \u201cSoon, it will be like going to the Soviet Union during the Cold War<\/a>.\u201d
Evonne Wang, 31, looked for a job in China to broaden her experience beyond TSMC.
Several headhunting firms offered her opportunities, but she settled on an American company based in China. She figured that if she went to a Chinese company her reputation might be tarnished when she returned home.
\u201cSome Taiwanese semiconductor companies have qualms about previous experiences of working in China,\u201d said Wang, who also returned to Taiwan as COVID took hold.
Gin Chang, 30, a Taiwanese engineer who worked in southern China for a year and doubled his salary, said he understood the growing unease in Taiwan about its young engineers\u2019 contributing to China\u2019s growth.
\u201cI don\u2019t think there should be restrictions on us working in China,\u201d Chang said. \u201cBut from the perspective of the government in Taiwan, if the Chinese economy grows because of its growing semiconductor industry, then Taiwan\u2019s economic situation could be endangered.\u201d
Under regulations introduced in early 2021, headhunters in Taiwan are barred from advertising jobs in China\u2019s microchip industry. The Ministry of Justice established a task force that ordered raids on Chinese firms operating in Taiwan. The Chinese companies were suspected of being fronts created to recruit local engineers for jobs in China; more than 40 cases of poaching workers and stealing secrets have been prosecuted since last year, the government said in September.
Much of the poaching involved Chinese companies trying to capture Taiwanese expertise, applying that knowledge in their plants and then ditching the workers, said one headhunter, Michael Lo.
\u201cChina\u2019s corporate culture is just three words: \u2018Raise and kill,\u2019\u201d Lo said. \u201cIt will first cultivate you and spend lots of money and resources on you, then steal your technologies and, finally, fire you,\u201d he said.
Li, the engineer who went back home, had worked his way up the Taiwanese semiconductor industry. He had four jobs at smaller companies before joining TSMC at its headquarters in Hsinchu Science Park, a campus sometimes known as Taiwan\u2019s Silicon Valley, 30 minutes by high-speed train from Taipei, the capital.
TSMC is the pride of Taiwan. Visitors to its main building, set in lush foliage, are greeted by a striking sign with the name of the company\u2019s founder, Morris Chang. One of Taiwan\u2019s multibillionaires, Chang, 91, grew up in China, attended Harvard and MIT and worked at Texas Instruments before starting TSMC in 1987.
When Li arrived at TSMC, he felt lucky but found it a slog inside the foundry, he said.
\u201cI had the feeling of being a small screw most when working in TSMC,\u201d Li said. \u201cGoing to China was like looking forward to a place without the constraints of an outdated framework. You can take the plunge by going there.\u201d
For now, Li is staying in Taiwan, working for an American chip company operating there and siding with the invigorated patriotic sentiment and the ethos of individual liberty.
\u201cThe advantage of working in Taiwan is that you don\u2019t have to worry about officials shutting down the whole company because of one thought,\u201d he said. \u201cThe atmosphere is very important. At least I can watch all kinds of programs criticizing the governments on both sides of the Taiwan Strait without worrying about being arrested.\u201d
<\/div><\/div>
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